KATHERINE 'MARIE' MARTIN
Breast Cancer Awareness Month

Every September, We at hiphoptv247.org will bring awareness to Breast Cancer in honor of Katherine 'Marie' Martin, a long time breast cancer survivor who has recently succumbed to the fatal disease.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, aside from skin cancer. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), an estimated 192,370 new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed among women in the United States this year. An estimated 40,170 women are expected to die from the disease in 2009 alone. Today, there are about 2.5 million breast cancer survivors living in the United States.

If you're worried about developing breast cancer, or if you know someone who has been diagnosed with the disease, one way to deal with your concerns is to get as much information as possible. In this section you'll find important background information about what breast cancer is and how it develops.

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in one or both of the breasts. Breast cancer usually develops in the ducts or lobules, also known as the milk-producing areas of the breast.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer). Although African-American women have a slightly lower incidence of breast cancer after age 40 than Caucasian women, they have a slightly higher incidence rate of breast cancer before age 40. However, African-American women are more likely to die from breast cancer at every age. Breast cancer is much less common in males; by comparison, the disease is about 100 times more common among women. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 1,910 new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed among men in the United States in 2009.

Types of breast cancer

There are several different types of breast cancer that can be divided into two main categories - noninvasive cancers and invasive cancers. Noninvasive cancer may also be called "carcinoma in situ." Noninvasive breast cancers are confined to the ducts or lobules and they do not spread to surrounding tissues. The two types of noninvasive breast cancers are ductal carcinoma in situ (referred to as DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (referred to as LCIS).

It is known that hormones in a woman's body, such as estrogen and progesterone, can play a role in the development of breast cancer. In breast cancer, estrogen causes a doubling of cancer cells every 36 hours. The growing tumor needs to increase its blood supply to provide food and oxygen. Progesterone seems to cause stromal cells (the woman's own cells to send out signals for more blood supply to feed the tumor. (Source: Dr. V. Craig Jordan, vice president and scientific director for the medical science division at Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia as quoted in NY Times, Hormones And Cancer: By Gina Kolata, Published: December 26, 2006)

• Non-invasive breast cancer. The majority of non-invasive breast cancers are DCIS. In DCIS, the cancer cells are found only in the milk duct of the breast. If DCIS is not treated, it may progress to invasive cancer.
  
  In LCIS, the abnormal cells are found only in the lobules of the breast. Unlike DCIS, LCIS is not considered to be a cancer. It is more like a warning sign of increased risk of developing an invasive breast cancer in the same or opposite breast. While LCIS is a risk factor for invasive cancer, it doesn't actually develop into invasive breast cancer in many women.
• Invasive breast cancer. Invasive or infiltrating breast cancers penetrate through normal breast tissue (such as the ducts and lobules) and invade surrounding areas. They are more serious than noninvasive cancers because they can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones, liver, lungs, and brain.

There are several kinds of invasive breast cancers. The most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma, which appears in the ducts and accounts for about 80 percent of all breast cancer cases. There are differences in the various types of invasive breast cancer, but the treatment options are similar for all of them.

Not all breast cancers are alike
Not all breast cancers are alike - there are different stages of breast cancer based on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread. For doctor and patient, knowing the stage of breast cancer is the most important factor in choosing among treatment options. Doctors use a physical exam, biopsy, and other tests to determine breast cancer stage.

Stages of Breast Cancer
The most common system used to describe the stages of breast cancer is the AJCC/TNM (American Joint Committee on Cancer/Tumor-Nodes-Metastases) system. This system takes into account the tumor size and spread, whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to distant organs (metastasis).

All of this information is then combined in a process called stage grouping. The stage is expressed as a Roman numeral. After stage 0 (carcinoma in situ), the other stages are I through IV (1-4). Some of the stages are further sub-divided using the letters A, B, and C. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV (4), means a more advanced cancer.

These are the stages of breast cancer:

Stage 0 - Stage 0 is carcinoma in situ, early stage cancer that is confined to the ducts or the lobules, depending on where it started. It has not gone into the tissues in the breast nor spread to other organs in the body.

• Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): This is the most common type of noninvasive breast cancer, when abnormal cells are in the lining of a duct. DCIS is also called intraductal carcinoma. DCIS sometimes becomes invasive cancer if not treated.
• Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): This condition begins in the milk-making glands but does not go through the wall of the lobules. LCIS seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of cancer for both breasts.

Stage I - Stage I is an early stage of invasive breast cancer. In Stage I, cancer cells have not spread beyond the breast and the tumor is no more than 2 centimeters (three-quarters of an inch) across.

Stage II - Stage II is one of the following:

• The tumor in the breast is no more than 2 centimeters (three-quarters of an inch) across. The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.
• The tumor is between 2 and 5 centimeters (three-quarters of an inch to 2 inches). The cancer may have spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.
• The tumor is larger than 5 centimeters (2 inches). The cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.

Stage III - Stage III may be a large tumor, but the cancer has not spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes. It is locally advanced cancer.

• Stage IIIA - Stage IIIA is one of the following:
• The tumor in the breast is smaller than 5 centimeters (2 inches). The cancer has spread to underarm lymph nodes that are attached to each other or to other structures.
• The tumor is more than 5 centimeters across. The cancer has spread to the underarm lymph nodes.
• Stage IIIB - Stage IIIB is one of the following:
• The tumor has grown into the chest wall or the skin of the breast.
• The cancer has spread to lymph nodes behind the breastbone.
• Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare type of Stage IIIB breast cancer. The breast looks red and swollen because cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin of the breast.
• Stage IIIC - Stage IIIC is a tumor of any size. It has spread in one of the following ways:
• The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes behind the breastbone and under the arm.
• The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under or above the collarbone.

Stage IV - Stage IV is distant metastatic cancer. The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Recurrent cancer - Recurrent cancer is cancer that has come back (recurred) after a period of time when it could not be detected. It may recur locally in the breast or chest wall as another primary cancer, or it may recur in any other part of the body, such as the bone, liver, or lungs, which is generally referred to as metastatic cancer.

For more information about Breast Caner visit these site: :
American Cancer Society
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Cancer Institute

Katherine ‘Marie’ Martin you will always be remembered…

A Must Read For All Teen MySpace and Facebook Users

After tossing her books on the sofa, she decided to grab a snack and get
on-line. She logged on under her screen name ByAngel213. She checked her
Buddy List and saw GoTo123 was on. She sent him an instant message:

ByAngel213:
Hi. I'm glad you are on! I thought someone was following me home today..
It was really weird!

GoTo123:
LOL You watch too much TV. Why would someone be following you?
Don't you live in a safe neighborhood?

ByAngel213:
Of course I do. LOL I guess it was my imagination cuz' I didn't see
anybody when I looked out.

GoTo123:
Unless you gave your name out on-line. You haven't done that have you?

ByAngel213:
Of course not. I'm not stupid you know.

GoTo123:
Did you have a softball game after school today?

ByAngel213:
Yes and we won!!

GoTo123:
That's great! Who did you play?

ByAngel213:
We played the Hornets. LOL. Their uniforms are so gross! They look like
bees. LOL

GoTo123:
What is your team called?

ByAngel213:
We are the Canton Cats. We have tiger paws on our uniforms. They are
really cool.

GoTo1 23:
Did you pitch?

ByAngel213:
No I play second base. I got to go. My homework has to be done before my
parents get home. I don't want them mad at me. Bye!

GoTo123:
Catch you later. Bye

Meanwhile.......GoTo123 went to the member menu and began to search for
her profile. When it came up, he highlighted it and printed it out. He
took out a pen and began to write down what he knew about Angel so far.

Her name: Shannon
Birthday: Jan. 3, 1985
Age: 13
State where she lived: North Carolina

Hobbies: softball, chorus, skating and going to the mall. Besides this
information, he knew she lived in Canton because she had just told him.
He knew she stayed by herself until 6:30 p.m. every afternoon until her
parents came home from work. He knew she played softball on Thursday
afternoons on the school team, and the team was named the Canton Cats.
Her favorite number 7 was printed on her jersey. He knew she was in the
eighth grade at the Canton Junior High School . She had told him all
this in the conversations they had on- line. He had enough information
to find her now.

Shannon didn't tell her parents about the incident on the way home from
the ballpark that day. She didn't want them to make a scene and stop her
from walking home from the softball games. Parents were always
overreacting and hers were the worst. It made her wish she was not an
only child. Maybe if she had brothers and sisters, her parents wouldn't
be so overprotective.

By Thursday, Shannon had forgotten about the footsteps following her.

Her game was in full swing when suddenly she felt someone staring at
her. It was then that the memory came back. She glanced up from her
second base position to see a man watching her closely.

He was leaning against the fence behind first base and he smiled when
she looked at him. He didn't look scary and she quickly dismissed the
sudden fear she had felt.

After the game, he sat on a bleacher while she talked to the coach. She
noticed his smile once again as she walked past him. He nodded and she
smiled back. He noticed her name on the back of her shirt. He knew he
had found her.

Quietly, he walked a safe distance behind her. It was only a few blocks
to Shannon 's home, and once he saw where she lived he quickly returned
to the park to get his car..

Now he had to wait. He decided to get a bite to eat until the time came
to go to Shannon's house. He drove to a fast food restaurant and sat
there until time to make his move.

Shannon was in her room later that evening when she heard voices in the
living room.

"Shannon, come here," her father called. He sounded upset and she
couldn't imagine why. She went into the room to see the man from the
ballpark sitting on the sofa.

"Sit down," her father began, "this man has just told us a most
interesting story about you."

Shannon sat back. How could he tell her parents anything? She had never
seen him before today!

"Do you know who I am, Shannon ?" the man asked.

"No," Shannon answered.

"I am a police officer and your online friend, GoTo123."

Shannon was stunned. "That's impossible! GoTo is a kid my age! He's 14.
And he lives in Michigan !"

The man smiled. "I know I told you all that, but it wasn't true. You
see, Shannon , there are people on-line who pretend to be kids; I was
one of them. But while others do it to injure kids and hurt them, I
belong to a group of parents who do it to protect kids from predators. I
came here to find you to teach you how dangerous it is to talk to people
on-line. You told me enough about yourself to make it easy for me to
find you. You named the school you went to, the name of your ball team
and the position you played. The number and name on your jersey just
made finding you a breeze."

Shannon was stunned. "You mean you don't live in Michigan ?"

He laughed. "No, I live in Raleigh It made you feel safe to think I was
so far away, didn't it?"

She nodded.

"I had a friend whose daughter was like you. Only she wasn't as lucky.
The guy found her and murdered her while she was home alone. Kids are
taught not to tell anyone when they are alone, yet they do it all the
time on-line. The wrong people trick you into giving out information a
little here and there on-line.. Before you know it, you have told them
enough for them to find you without even realizing you have done it. I
hope you've learned a lesson from this and won't do it again. Tell
others about this so they will be safe too?"

"It's a promise!"

That night Shannon and her Dad and Mom all knelt down together and
thanked God for protecting Shannon from what could have been a tragic
situation.

K.S. J.A.M.M. Repertoire Company (Founder & Artistic Director Kashani Stokley)-- is transforming into a new performance company that concentrates on the fusion of dance styles in Contemporary Funk, Modern, Street Jazz and Hip-Hop with a variety of choreographers.

K.S. J.A.M.M. REPERTOIRE Dance Company Auditions
Looking for TRAINED Dancers 18 & Over
Host: K.S. J.A.M.M
Type: Music/Arts - Audition
Network: Global
Date: Saturday, July 25, 2009
Time: 12:30pm - 2:30pm
Location: DANCE WAVE-
Street: 45 4th Avenue
City/Town: Brooklyn, NY
Email: nowella@ksjammdancetroupe.

com


AUDITION: July 25, 2009 12:30pm-2:30pm (Arrival time @ 12:30pm)


LOCATION: Dance Wave @ 45 4th Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11217-1903
(Between: Dean & Bergen)

Closest subways: D,M,N,R to Pacific Street.....2,3,5, B, Q, LIRR to Atlantic Ave.

-Be prepared with a 1 minute solo (freestyle) in any dance style of your choice

-Be prepared to learn a Contemporary Funk/Modern combination & Street Jazz combination

-Feel free to bring a Resume and Headshot (optional)

Dancers will be judged on technique, energy, dance ability, completion of movement, stage presence and the ability to adapt variety of styles.


* Requirements:

Have at least 3 years of training and/or experience in Modern, Hip-Hop & Street Jazz
Other disciplines are a plus but not required

Must attend (5) Week rehearsals
July 25, 2009– August 22, 2009

Accommodate extra rehearsals and performances

Company members cannot be an active participant of a similar dance troupe or company

Students are encouraged to try out but should at least be at the Intermediate level in their training

Benefits:

Company members will be compensated for performances
(Excluding the annual recital)
Free tuition for dance classes

Photoshoot with company photographer


If you are interested in auditioning please contact

For more information visit www.ksjammdancetroupe.com or email us at nowella@ksjammdancetroupe.com

Founder & Artistic Director: Kashani Stokley
Creative Director: Nowella Yerby

K.S. J.A.M.M. Dance Troupe, Established 1988

Source: www.ksjammdancetroupe.com

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Moving Mountains

presents

A NEW DAY

A NEW DAY, is a hip-hop coming of age stage production where a family of young brothers face the pressure to be men, where only the strong survive. They have a common love for hip-hop but can’t even agree there. The oldest brother Lotto has a strong rep, while Chance is mistaken to be weak, for believing in principles of non-violence. Frisco, the neighborhood “hot head” is always looking for a fight and finds Chance to be an easy target as long as Lotto stays out of it, and Conz, Lotto's best friend, just make things worse.

A NEW DAY looks at the pressure Chance has to ultimately face, not just from Frisco, but from in his own family, when even his brothers turn against him and his friends grow tired of his "Stop the Violence" talk. When pushed, the consequences are deadly, and this production shows how it all goes down…

A New Day is filled with a cast of fresh, raw talent. Directed by Jamie Hector of HBO’s THE WIRE, NBC’s HEROES and co-founder of Moving Mountains Inc.

Moving Mountains Inc., is a 501(c)(3) that actively works to prepare talented youth to develop their performance skills, seek opportunities for growth and avoid the obstacles that they will undoubtedly encounter and respond to based on their ability to make good choices.

Supported by Council Member Darlene Mealy, Terrie Williams and The Stay Strong Foundation, Ogilvy & Mather NY, HBO, Tamir Muhammad and The Tribeca Film Institute.

To purchase tickets to their next event, log onto: movingmountainsnyc.org

Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated, educating the minds of youth with information that is essential to improving their way of life.

Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated's Spokesperson Datwon Thomas is Moving On Up!

Congratulations!!! to Datwon Thomas, Spokesperson for Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated and now the COO for GlobalGrind.com. Datwon speaks to MTV about his transitions from leaving XXL Magazine and now becoming the COO of GlobalGrind.com

MTV Shows

From A Young Man To A Doctor

14-Year-Old Black Student Develops New Surgery Technique

By Casey Fane-McCalla

A Jacksonville researcher has developed a way of sewing up patients after hysterectomies that stands to reduce the risk of complications and simplify the tricky procedure for less-seasoned surgeons.

Oh, and he’s 14 years old.

Feel free to read that again.

Tony Hansberry II is a ninth-grader who, as it happens, will be presenting his findings today before an auditorium filled with doctors just like any of his board-certified - and decades older - colleagues would. He would say he was following in the footsteps of “Doogie Howser, M.D.” - if he weren’t too young to have heard of the television show.

Instead, he says that his remarkable accomplishments are merely steps toward his ultimate goal of becoming a University of Florida-trained neurosurgeon.

“I just want to help people and be respected, knowing that I can save lives,” said Tony, the son of a registered nurse mom and an African Methodist Episcopal church pastor dad.

To be sure, he had some help along the way, but, then again, most researchers do. The seeds of his project were planted last summer during his internship at the University of Florida’s Center for Simulation Education and Safety Research, based at Shands Jacksonville.

Meet The Man and The Legend James Stewart Jr.

James Stewart Jr is a professional motocross racer competing in supercross. He is known for being the first African-American to have success at the very top levels of the sport of motocross. born in Bartow, Florida, James Stewart Jr's dad James Sr., was a motocross enthusiast and introduced his son to the sport at a young age. Stewart entered his first motocross race when he was just four years old and soon went on to enjoy much success as an amateur racer.

Winning multiple Amateur national titles all before the age of 16, James made a name for himself as one of the most promising future stars of the sport. Because of his multiple amateur titles, his pro debut for the 2002 racing season was one of the most anticipated debuts in the history of the sport. While crashes and rookie mistakes kept him from winning the 2002 125 West Supercross title, he went on to dominate the 2002 125cc National Championship and was named the 2002 AMA Rookie of the Year. He was also named one of "20 Teens Who Will Change the World" in the April 2003 issue of Teen People magazine.

Stewart went on to easily win the 2003 125 West Supercross Championship but suffered a severe crash at the season ending 125 East/West Shootout in Las Vegas, Nevada. With his collarbone broken in two places as a result of the crash, he was forced to sit out the first few rounds of the 2003 AMA Motocross series, ruining his championship hopes for that series, although he won every single race he competed in after coming back from that injury.

His 2004 season went as planned as he won both the 125 East Supercross title and the 125 Outdoor national title, only losing one motocross to Mike Brown in the latter due to a broken clutch cover. For 2005 he moved up to the premier 450cc class for both the Supercross series and the Outdoor National Motocross series. While Stewart immediately showed that he had the speed to race with the top riders in supercross, a practice crash that resulted in a broken wrist at Round 2 in Phoenix meant that he would have to wait before he notched his first career supercross win.

On April 2, 2005, at Texas Stadium (in only his 3rd race), Stewart captured his very first career Supercross victory. James would go on to record many more victories throughout 2005 and 2006, and he eventually won the 2007 Supercross Championship. He was unable to finish the 2007 National series due to a knee injury.

He was unable to compete in the 2008 supercross season as he decided to take time off and have surgery to properly fix his knee. He returned to racing at the first round of the outdoor nationals and went on to win all 24 motocrosses and recorded a perfect season. He signed with L&M racing for the 2009 season to replace Chad Reed for the supercross season and is planning to compete in the outdoor national series on a limited basis.

Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated is proud of James Stewart Jr's accomplishes and we wish him continued success.

For more information about James Stewart Jr. log onto his website www.js7.com

Educating Hip-Hop

The Future is Grim for Young Black Men and Americans a like.

by Queon L. Martin

How far are you willing to go? A question I ask myself everyday, as I work tirelessly towards helping youth (especially young black men) recognize the world outside of hip-hop. Now I may not be able to drop a dope rhyme like the greatest rapper of all time B.I.G., but I can paint a picture like Norman Mailer to get my point across.

"I have freed a thousand slaves, I could have freed a thousand more if only they knew they were slaves." -- Harriet Tubman

The direction where hip-hop is heading will become fatal for young black men in America to succeed, unless we educate disenfranchised youth in the hip-hop culture with information that will improve their way of life. This blog will uncover two major issues that have crippled young black men and Americans in general. The PRISON SYSTEM and CENTRAL BANKING better know as the FEDERAL RESERVES.

"None are more hopelessly enslaved, than those who falsely believe they are free."

-- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1749-1832

The U.S. Census Bureau estimates there are about 5 million black men in America between the ages of 20 and 39 losing ground in mainstream American society, despite advances made by black women, presumably part of the same socioeconomic experience. Black men 16 and older are arrested each year, creating police records that hinder future job prospects. Black men may be more likely than whites or Latinos to be arrested on drug charges and subsequently released for lack of evidence.

The Pew report found that judges who would likely opt for community-based corrections programs such as fines, restitution; home detention, probation, electronic monitoring, and drug diversion programs don't because these options are scare. The programs are poorly funded and operated, or are non-existent. For the first time in history more than one in every 100 adults in America are in jail or prison. Black males still make up more than half of America's prison inmates. They are four times more likely than whites and twice as likely as Hispanics to be jailed.

As prison populations expand, costs to states are on the rise. Last year alone, states spent more than $49 billion on corrections, up from $11 billion 20 years before. However, the national recidivism rate remains virtually unchanged, with about half of released inmates returning to jail or prison within three years. And while violent criminals and other serious offenders account for some of the growth, many inmates are low-level offenders or people who have violated the terms of their probation or parole.

Putting thousands of black men behind bars for mostly non-violent offenses has had staggering consequences. It has wreaked massive social and political havoc on families and communities. It has been the single biggest reason for the bloat in federal and state spending on prison construction, maintenance, and the escalation in the number of prosecutors needed to handle the continuing flood of criminal cases. This is the modern day slave drive... Capitol and Cattle.

HOW DID WE GET HERE?

"Everything that we see is a shadow cast by that which we do not see"
-- Martin Luther King Jr.

There is something behind the thrown, greater than the king himself.

-- Sir William Pitt, House of Lords 1770

There are two ways to conquer and enslave a nation. One is by sword. The other is by debt. --President John Adams 1797-1801

The bold efforts the present bank had made to control the government... Are but premonitions of the fate that awaits the American people should they be deluded into perpetuation of this institution or the establishment of another like it.
-- President Andrew Jackson 1829-1837

Slavery is but the owning of labor and carries with it the care of the laborers... -- The Hazard Circular, July 1862


J.D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Paul Warburg and Baron Rothschild sought after legislators to put together a central banking system. A Congressional investigation was put together and led by Senator Nelson Aldrich who had ties with the banking cartel and later married into the Rockefeller family, recommended that central banking be put in place to prevent New York's banks from going under. In 1910 the federal reserve act bill was put together not by law makers but by bank owners. And in 1913 the bill was signed by newly elected President Woodrow Wilson already agreed to sign the act. His presidential campaign was heavily sponsored by the bankers.

The real truth of the matter is that a financial element in the large centers has owned the government since the days of Andrew Jackson.
-- President Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933

For ever dollar that is printed, there is an interest rate attached to it. We then have to borrow more money to pay for the interest rate which puts us in deeper dept. Which keeps us enslaved to the Federal Reserves. I'm here to educate the minds of youth with information that is essential to improving their way of life. And I ask those who share the same passion as I, to bring awareness to the system that has caused us all to fail. As Lawrence Fishburne said in School Daze, WAKE UP!

John Hope Franklin 1915-2009

A historian whose writings helped remake America

John Hope Franklin, the great black historian who died Wednesday at the age of 94, brought to the study of history an expansive vision of the past that helped change the way America saw itself.

Mr. Franklin grew up in an era when conventional wisdom held that African-Americans had no history worth speaking of. Since only human beings can live in history, denying that African-Americans had a history was a way of denying their humanity.

Throughout his life, Mr. Franklin worked to redress such historical myopia. Benjamin Quarles, Mr. Franklin's great colleague and contemporary at Morgan State University, once observed that African-American history was inseparable from American history, part of the "warp and woof" of our common heritage. Through his distinguished writings, Mr. Franklin surely spun many of the most brilliant threads in that colorful tapestry.

At a book signing on the Washington Mall a couple of years ago, Mr. Franklin recounted some of his experiences as a young historian doing research in small-town Southern libraries and town halls, where he was often confronted with the countless indignities of a segregated society that forced him to work in separate reading rooms or denied him access to cafeterias and water fountains because of his race.

He recounted these incidents without bitterness or rancor, though one sensed his fierce resistance to these assaults on his character and integrity.

Yet somehow he never lost his belief that the musty, long-forgotten documents he unearthed with such patient dedication eventually would reveal truths too incontestable to ignore. His greatness lay in his understanding of history not as a dry, abstract academic discipline but as the faithful guardian of its subjects' deepest humanity.

Your Legacy Lives On...

Call Me MISTER

Welcome to Call Me MISTER

The mission of the Call Me MISTER (acronym for Mentors Instructing Students Toward Effective Role Models) National Initiative is to increase the pool of available teachers from a broader more diverse background particularly among the State's lowest performing elementary schools. Student participants are largely selected from among under-served, socio-economically disadvantaged and educationally at-risk communities.

The Call Me MISTER program is contributing to the talent pool of excellent teachers by identifying and supporting students like Mr. Mark Joseph (shown here), who are literally "touching the future" by teaching children. Mark's teaching degree was made possible through the Call Me MISTER program.

The project provides:

• Tuition assistance through Loan Forgiveness programs for admitted students pursuing approved programs of study in teacher education at participating colleges.
• An academic support system to help assure their success.
• A cohort system for social and cultural support.

“Call Me MISTER” was developed by some of our State’s visionary educational leaders who sincerely believe we can build a better tomorrow by getting you involved today.

Participating Colleges

The Call Me MISTER program combines the special strengths and resources of Clemson University with the individualized instructional programs offered by four historically black colleges in South Carolina: Benedict College, Claflin University, Morris College and South Carolina State University. To provide even greater opportunity and access, students have the option of first attending one of our two-year partner colleges before transferring to one of the four-year institutions to complete their baccalaureate degree. In addition, the project has limited enrollment in the middle school Master of Art in Teaching program. Please click on the participating schools on the menu to the left to learn more about these schools' programs.

National Partner Schools

Florida — The North East Florida Educational Consortium - NEFEC

Georgia — Albany State University

Missouri — Metropolitan Community College

Pennsylvania — Cheyney University

Virginia — Longwood University

How to Apply

Becoming a MISTER

The Call Me MISTER program is a collaboration between Clemson University and other leading edge colleges and universities to increase the pool of available teachers from a broader more diverse background particularly among the lowest performing public elementary and middle schools. Student participants are largely selected from among under-served, socio-economically disadvantaged and educationally at-risk communities.

Procedures for admission to the "Call Me MISTER" program must be completed in the following order:

1. Apply for and be accepted into one of the participating colleges or universities from which the degree and teaching certificate will be earned.
2. Complete the Call Me MISTER online referral application.
3. Submit the following items:

   1. High School diploma and final transcript or General Education Development (GED) certificate.
   2. Two letters of recommendation:

      1. One (1) from a teacher, guidance counselor, or principal at the high school form which the diploma is earned.
      2. One (1) from a person of the student's choice who can express the student's involvement in the community and/or potential for entering the teaching profession.

   3. An essay entitled, "Why I Want to Teach," which will address the student's motivation for entering the teaching profession and the contributions he hopes to make to the profession and to the community as a teacher.
   4. An essay entitled "How do you believe the Call Me MISTER program will benefit you as a student?"
   5. A signed statement certifying that student is from an underserved, underprivileged or economically disadvantaged background or area.

   Following the submission of the items above, an interview will be scheduled with the prospective program participants to ascertain their potential for teaching and their motivations for participation in the program, as well as to provide an opportunity for clarification of any information submitted through the application process.

Policies

It is the policy of Clemson University that no person shall be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or in any way be subjected to, discrimination in any program or activity of the University. Participation in the Call Me MISTER Program is open to anybody, regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender, if they are capable of facilitating the achievement of its objectives.*

Discrimination based on age, color, disability, gender, national origin, race, religion, sexual orientation or veterans status is prohibited.

Any person having a question regarding laws and regulations, or who feels discriminated against, is encouraged to contact the Office of Access and Equity, 110 Holtzendorff Hall, Clemson University, phone numbers 864-656-3181 (voice) or 656-0899 (TDD).

* Direct quote from our U.S. Department of Education grant proposal documents.

To learn more information about Call Me MISTER program, please contact them through one of these methods:

Email: MISTER@clemson.edu

Phone: Toll-free: 1-800-640-2657

Mail:

Call Me MISTER
203 Holtzendorff
Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29634

Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated, educating the minds of youth with information that is essential to improving their way of life.

Sanders Claus and Prime Time Army

Team Sanders have already cast their Vote for Change in the minds of youth and adults with their Sanders Claus and Prime Time Army programs.

Before President Obama began his journey for change in America, the Sanders were on their campaign for change with programs that have impacted the lives of disenfranchised youth and adults in the Dallas/Fort Worth TX communities in need.









SANDERS CLAUS

Even though Santa Claus makes his appointed rounds only comes once a year, Sanders Claus comes all year round! NFL Legend Deion Sanders and his beautiful wife Pilar have partnered with TXA 21 to help Dallas/Fort Worth area residents in need. Sanders Claus makes dreams come true, by bridging the gap between corporations and communities in a joint effort of helping those in need. Bellow are the stories and links from those who have been positively impacted by the Sanders Clause Foundation:

* Jamaal Dardar: Gerald Dardar was a young man with a bright future until cancer ravaged his body in 1997. Just three years after being diagnosed, Gerald died. His mother, Renee, was devestated. Meanwhile, her youngest son, Jamaal, became a beacon of hope, guiding Renee through the difficult times. Jamaal helped his mother get back on track. Now, Renee has the chance to pay Jamaal back for the selfless acts that helped her through the darkest days. Deion Sanders, along with Dallas Cowboys player Andre Gurode and former Dallas Cowboys player Nate Newton, surprised Jamaal at school, to provide some all-star inspiration for the young athlete.

* Stewart Family: Robin Stewart and her husband have seen their fair share of ups and downs in life. Their first son was born with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Their second son was born while the family was living on just a small teacher's salary. Then, the air conditioning unit went out in their home. The money for a new air conditioner went to treating Robin's husband's case of sudden pneumonia. Deion Sanders visited the Mesquite family with representatives from Tom's Mechanical, Carrier and Garfield Industries, who worked to install a new air conditioning system for the Stewarts, and made their home more energy efficient.

* Jeffrey Yaws: You may not be able to tell by looking at him, but Jeffrey Yaws knows how to fight. For 19 years, he's fought to stay alive after being diagnosed with Hunter Syndrome. But that hasn't stopped him from living and loving life. His mother knows that her son doesn't have much time to live. She took him to his favorite place in the world, a Professional Championship Wrestling show in Arlington. The athletes there motivated Jeffrey and helped him to recover. Now, they're bringing him into the ring! Join Jeffrey Yaws and Deion Sanders at the PCW benefit show on March 17 at 8pm, in the arena behind the Six Flags Mall.

* Amy Rhodes: Thanks to the generosity of friends and neighbors, SandersClaus made life a little easier for a very special girl. Amy Rhodes has been confined to a wheelchair since the age of 2. At age 14, Amy has outgrown her wheeler chair. But her family didn't have the money to get her a new one. SanderClaus and company vowed to supply a new wheelchair to ease some of her burden.

* Cindy Bolton: Cindy Bolton has dealt with a lot in her life. The biggest of responsibility she has is being a mother to her six children. Several years ago, something devastating crept into Cindy's life, something that would slowly tear her apart. Shortly after being diagnosed with AIDS, Cindy and her six children moved from Chicago to Cedar Hill. She's unable to work and has not been able to furnish their home. When we received her mother's plea for help, we knew exactly what to do. Together with Sleep Experts, Ikea and Kroger, we surprised this family with the gift of sleep and food.






PRIME TIME’S ARMY


So many of our young people are falling prey to mindless yet avoidable mistakes, leading to embarrassment for themselves, their parents, relatives, teachers, loved ones and the organization/companies they work for. If only they had someone to reach out to. Perhaps an organization with the future of these young people in mind. A group of strong men and women who have had life experiences from A-Z who only wish to become transparent in order to share their wealth of knowledge and wisdom with the next generation. In hopes to better our world for the now as well as for tomorrow we offer you an opportunity to enlist in Prime Time’s Army!

I established Prime Time’s Army with one goal in mind, the continued development of your child. I know what it’s like to be in your child’s position. I know the pressures from friends, enemies, gangs, coaches, parents, girlfriends and the media. Like the domino effect, any one of these factors mismanaged, could ultimately be the demise of many. If you take a minute to think back to your childhood, you will come to find that we all know someone who was a great athlete in high school but due to a poor decision, ended up with potential and unfulfilled dreams.

Prime Time’s Army is a well-rounded organization. It is actually an army of young men and ladies who have decided that they’ve had enough negativity and who have realized that they have not had enough support, people to say to them “you can do it”, people whom believe in them and those who can help with life changing decisions.

The beauty of the army doesn’t begin and end with the child, but we reach and teach that single parent who needs a helping hand in rearing their child/children as well as those parents who just can’t seem to connect with their child. PTA is for those who need someone to bridge the gap or assist them with a myriad of subjects from goal setting to fulfillment, financial literacy, behavioral challenges, law enforcement, authority, business, gangs, education, athletics and problematic youngsters with no positive male figure in the home or life in general. Why? Because we believe in you and we want to help!


Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated would like to thank Deion and Pilar Sanders for their outstanding work in their communities. With amazing programs like Sanders Claus and Prime Time Army on the rise, President Obama should be proud that this nation today have leaders out in the field making a difference in their communities.

To find out more about Sanders Claus & Prime Time Army and to make a donation, please visit www.sandersclaus.org and www.primetimearmy.org

Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated, Educating the minds of Youth with information that is essential to improving their way of life. "If you don't know, now you know." --- The Notorious B.I.G.

Kamp Kenyon & Aldo Smith Foundation

Kenyon Martin Returns Home To Cincinnati To Host Inaugural “Kamp Kenyon” Summer
Basketball Camp





Aldo Smith Foundation is proud to announce that former University of Cincinnati Bearcat Kenyon Martin is returning “home” to host his Inaugural “Kamp Kenyon” on June 22-25, 2009 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The four-day skills basketball skills instructional camp also has a unique curriculum that transitions student-athletes into collegiate sports and beyond. This tuition-free camp teaches boys and girls, ages 9 -18 how to be the best student on and off the court.

Boys and girls residing in the Tri-State area can apply to receive a scholarship to “Kamp Kenyon” by submitting their school transcripts and a short-essay. Only 250 youth will be selected to participate in the basketball skills camp instructed by Kenyon Martin and other professional athletes. The camp curriculum prepares students in financial literacy, basic life skills, enhancing good study habits, and collegiate athlete scholarship requirements.

For four years Kenyon Martin captivated the basketball fans of University of Cincinnati, developing from a relatively unknown prospect, to National Player of the Year. He has continued his basketball success in the NBA from the New Jersey Nets to the Denver Nuggets. In addition to earning a spot on the First Team All-Rookie Squad, Martin helped guide his team to two consecutive NBA Final appearances, 2004 NBA All Star, and represented the United States of America in the 2004 Olympic qualifying games.

Now, in conjunction with the Aldo Smith Foundation, Martin is giving back to the community by providing a summer basketball program, which benefits 250 boys and girls of Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati is where Martin established his reputation while playing college basketball, and now he wants to come “home” and give back to his youngest fans that supported him every step of the way.

The Aldo Smith Foundation was designed to enrich the lives of all those who are interested in improving their quality of life. It is dedicated to serve the community in the capacity of providing options for individuals to receive their education regardless of the field of study, to improving the living conditions of low incoming housing recipients and fighting the battles of illiteracy and hunger. The slogan of “providing help and hope for those who need it” comes from Aldo Smith’s desire not to see individuals struggle due to the lack of opportunity, and will serve as the guiding force in the effort to make a positive change in the communities that we live.

To apply for a camp scholarship or for more information about “Kamp Kenyon” and Aldo Smith Foundation, log on to www.KampKenyon.com or www.AldoSmithFoundation.org.

Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated, educating the minds of youth with information that is essential to improving their way of life. "If you don't know, now you know." --- The Notorious B.I.G.

U.S. House of Representatives Page Program

Pages have been serving the House of Representatives for nearly two hundred years. Working as a team, Pages assist Members with their legislative duties, deliver correspondence and small packages within the congressional complex, answer phones in the Member cloakrooms, and prepare the House Floor for sessions.

High school juniors with a GPA of 3.0 or higher in core academic subjects may apply to work as Pages in the U.S. House of Representatives for a fall or spring appointment. There is no GPA requirement for Pages who work during the summer semester. While serving the House, Pages live in Washington D.C., at the Page Residence Hall, a few blocks away from the Capitol. During the academic year, Pages attend classes at the House Page School. Pages must be sponsored by a Member of Congress and be at least sixteen years old on the date they begin their term. All communication regarding the Page program must be made through the applicant’s sponsoring Member.

• How to Become a Page – Page eligibility, the application process, and Page selection. Download material for public distribution.
• The Page Experience – The duties of a Page, the Page School, the Page Residence Hall, and extracurricular activities.
• Page Program History – Brief history of the Page Program, photos and artifacts, and the role of Pages in congressional history.

Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporated, educating the minds of youth with information that is essential to improving their way of life.

The History of Black History

Dr. Carter G. Woodson

Americans have recognized black history annually since 1926, first as "Negro History Week" and later as "Black History Month." What you might not know is that black history had barely begun to be studied-or even documented-when the tradition originated. Although blacks have been in America at least as far back as colonial times, it was not until the 20th century that they gained a respectable presence in the history books.

Blacks Absent from History Books

We owe the celebration of Black History Month, and more importantly, the study of black history, to Dr. Carter G. Woodson. Born to parents who were former slaves, he spent his childhood working in the Kentucky coal mines and enrolled in high school at age twenty. He graduated within two years and later went on to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard. The scholar was disturbed to find in his studies that history books largely ignored the black American population-and when blacks did figure into the picture, it was generally in ways that reflected the inferior social position they were assigned at the time.

Established Journal of Negro History

Woodson, always one to act on his ambitions, decided to take on the challenge of writing black Americans into the nation's history. He established the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now called the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History) in 1915, and a year later founded the widely respected Journal of Negro History. In 1926, he launched Negro History Week as an initiative to bring national attention to the contributions of black people throughout American history.

Woodson chose the second week of February for Negro History Week because it marks the birthdays of two men who greatly influenced the black American population, Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln. However, February has much more than Douglass and Lincoln to show for its significance in black American history. For example:

1619	Photograph of newspaper advertisement from the 1780s The first African slaves arrive in Virginia.
1746	Lucy Terry, an enslaved person in 1746, becomes the earliest known black American poet when she writes about the last American Indian attack on her village of Deerfield, Massachusetts. Her poem, Bar's Fight, is not published until 1855.
1773	An illustration of Phillis Wheatley from her book Phillis Wheatley's book Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral is published, making her the first African American to do so.
1787	Slavery is made illegal in the Northwest Territory. The U.S. Constitution states that Congress may not ban the slave trade until 1808.
1793	Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin greatly increases the demand for slave labor.
1793	Poster advertising $100 reward for runaway slaves from 1860 A federal fugitive slave law is enacted, providing for the return slaves who had escaped and crossed state lines.
1800	Gabriel Prosser, an enslaved African-American blacksmith, organizes a slave revolt intending to march on Richmond, Virginia. The conspiracy is uncovered, and Prosser and a number of the rebels are hanged. Virginia's slave laws are consequently tightened.
1808	Congress bans the importation of slaves from Africa.
1820	The Missouri Compromise bans slavery north of the southern boundary of Missouri.
1822	Denmark Vesey, an enslaved African-American carpenter who had purchased his freedom, plans a slave revolt with the intent to lay siege on Charleston, South Carolina. The plot is discovered, and Vesey and 34 coconspirators are hanged.
1831	Nat Turner, an enslaved African-American preacher, leads the most significant slave uprising in American history. He and his band of followers launch a short, bloody, rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia. The militia quells the rebellion, and Turner is eventually hanged. As a consequence, Virginia institutes much stricter slave laws. William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the Liberator, a weekly paper that advocates the complete abolition of slavery. He becomes one of the most famous figures in the abolitionist movement.
1846	Frederick Douglass The Wilmot Proviso, introduced by Democratic representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, attempts to ban slavery in territory gained in the Mexican War. The proviso is blocked by Southerners, but continues to enflame the debate over slavery. Frederick Douglass launches his abolitionist newspaper.
1849	Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and becomes one of the most effective and celebrated leaders of the Underground Railroad.
1850	The continuing debate whether territory gained in the Mexican War should be open to slavery is decided in the Compromise of 1850: California is admitted as a free state, Utah and New Mexico territories are left to be decided by popular sovereignty, and the slave trade in Washington, DC, is prohibited. It also establishes a much stricter fugitive slave law than the original, passed in 1793.
1852	Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin is published. It becomes one of the most influential works to stir anti-slavery sentiments.
1854	Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act, establishing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. The legislation repeals the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and renews tensions between anti- and pro slavery factions.
1857	Oil painting of Dred Scott The Dred Scott case holds that Congress does not have the right to ban slavery in states and, furthermore, that slaves are not citizens.
1859	John Brown and 21 followers capture the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Va. (now W. Va.), in an attempt to launch a slave revolt.
1861	The Confederacy is founded when the deep South secedes, and the Civil War begins.
1863	Slaves at Cumberland Landin g, Va. President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring "that all persons held as slaves" within the Confederate states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
1865	Congress establishes the Freedmen's Bureau to protect the rights of newly emancipated blacks (March).The Civil War ends (April 9). Lincoln is assassinated (April 14). The Ku Klux Klan is formed in Tennessee by ex-Confederates (May). Slavery in the United States is effectively ended when 250,000 slaves in Texas finally receive the news that the Civil War had ended two months earlier (June 19). Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, prohibiting slavery (Dec. 6).
1865-1866	Black codes are passed by Southern states, drastically restricting the rights of newly freed slaves.
1867	A series of Reconstruction acts are passed, carving the former Confederacy into five military districts and guaranteeing the civil rights of freed slaves.
1868	Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, defining citizenship. Individuals born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens, including those born as slaves. This nullifies the Dred Scott Case (1857), which had ruled that blacks were not citizens.
1869	Howard University's law school becomes the country's first black law school.
1870	Hiram Revels Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, giving blacks the right to vote. Hiram Revels of Mississippi is elected the country's first African-American senator. During Reconstruction, sixteen blacks served in Congress and about 600 served in states legislatures.
1877	Reconstruction ends in the South. Federal attempts to provide some basic civil rights for African Americans quickly erode.
1879	The Black Exodus takes place, in which tens of thousands of African Americans migrated from southern states to Kansas.
1881	Spelman College, the first college for black women in the U.S., is founded by Sophia B. Packard and Harriet E. Giles. Booker T. Washington founds the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama. The school becomes one of the leading schools of higher learning for African Americans, and stresses the practical application of knowledge. In 1896, George Washington Carver begins teaching there as director of the department of agricultural research, gaining an international reputation for his agricultural advances.
1882	The American Colonization Society, founded by Presbyterian minister Robert Finley, establishes the colony of Monrovia (which would eventually become the country of Liberia) in western Africa. The society contends that the immigration of blacks to Africa is an answer to the problem of slavery as well as to what it feels is the incompatibility of the races. Over the course of the next forty years, about 12,000 slaves are voluntarily relocated.
1896	Plessy v. Ferguson: This landmark Supreme Court decision holds that racial segregation is constitutional, paving the way for the repressive Jim Crow laws in the South.
1905	W.E.B. DuBois founds the Niagara movement, a forerunner to the NAACP. The movement is formed in part as a protest to Booker T. Washington's policy of accommodation to white society; the Niagara movement embraces a more radical approach, calling for immediate equality in all areas of American life.
1909	W.E.B. Du Bois The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by W.E.B. DuBois. For the next half century, it would serve as the country's most influential African-American civil rights organization, dedicated to political equality and social justice In 1910, its journal, The Crisis, was launched. Among its well known leaders were James Weldon Johnson, Ella Baker, Moorfield Storey, Walter White, Roy Wilkins, Benjamin Hooks, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Julian Bond, and Kwesi Mfume.
1914	Marcus Garvey establishes the Universal Negro Improvement Association, an influential black nationalist organization "to promote the spirit of race pride" and create a sense of worldwide unity among blacks.
1920s	The Harlem Renaissance flourishes in the 1920s and 1930s. This literary, artistic, and intellectual movement fosters a new black cultural identity.
1931	Scottsboro Boys Nine black youths are indicted in Scottsboro, Ala., on charges of having raped two white women. Although the evidence was slim, the southern jury sentenced them to death. The Supreme Court overturns their convictions twice; each time Alabama retries them, finding them guilty. In a third trial, four of the Scottsboro boys are freed; but five are sentenced to long prison terms.
1947	Jackie Robinson Jackie Robinson breaks Major League Baseball's color barrier when he is signed to the Brooklyn Dodgers by Branch Rickey.
1948	WWI Black Soldiers Although African Americans had participated in every major U.S. war, it was not until after World War II that President Harry S. Truman issues an executive order integrating the U.S. armed forces.
1952	Malcolm X becomes a minister of the Nation of Islam. Over the next several years his influence increases until he is one of the two most powerful members of the Black Muslims (the other was its leader, Elijah Muhammad). A black nationalist and separatist movement, the Nation of Islam contends that only blacks can resolve the problems of blacks.
1954	Pictured from left to right: George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James Nabrit Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. declares that racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional (May 17).
1955	Rosa Parks A young black boy, Emmett Till, is brutally murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi. Two white men charged with the crime are acquitted by an all-white jury. They later boast about committing the murder. The public outrage generated by the case helps spur the civil rights movement (Aug.). Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the "colored section" of a bus to a white passenger (Dec.1). In response to her arrest Montgomery's black community launch a successful year-long bus boycott. Montgomery's buses are desegregated on Dec. 21, 1956.
1957	The Little Rock Nine The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a civil rights group, is established by Martin Luther King, Charles K. Steele, and Fred L. Shuttlesworth (Jan.-Feb.) Nine black students are blocked from entering the school on the orders of Governor Orval Faubus. (Sept. 24). Federal troops and the National Guard are called to intervene on behalf of the students, who become known as the "Little Rock Nine." Despite a year of violent threats, several of the "Little Rock Nine" manage to graduate from Central High.
1960	Four black students in Greensboro, North Carolina, begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter (Feb. 1). Six months later the "Greensboro Four" are served lunch at the same Woolworth's counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the South. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is founded, providing young blacks with a place in the civil rights movement (April).
1961	Over the spring and summer, student volunteers begin taking bus trips through the South to test out new laws that prohibit segregation in interstate travel facilities, which includes bus and railway stations. Several of the groups of "freedom riders," as they are called, are attacked by angry mobs along the way. The program, sponsored by The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), involves more than 1,000 volunteers, black and white.
1962	James Meredith James Meredith becomes the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi (Oct. 1). President Kennedy sends 5,000 federal troops after rioting breaks out.
1963	Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Ala. He writes "Letter from Birmingham Jail," which advocated nonviolent civil disobedience. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is attended by about 250,000 people, the largest demonstration ever seen in the nation's capital. Martin Luther King delivers his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. The march builds momentum for civil rights legislation (Aug. 28). Despite Governor George Wallace physically blocking their way, Vivian Malone and James Hood register for classes at the University of Alabama. Four young black girls attending Sunday school are killed when a bomb explodes at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, a popular location for civil rights meetings. Riots erupt in Birmingham, leading to the deaths of two more black youths (Sept. 15).
1964	FBI photographs of Andre w Goodman, James Earl Chaney, and Michael Schwerner President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin (July 2). The bodies of three civil-rights workers are found. Murdered by the KKK, James E. Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner had been working to register black voters in Mississippi (Aug.). Martin Luther King receives the Nobel Peace Prize. (Oct.)
1965	Malcolm X Malcolm X, black nationalist and founder of the Organization of Afro-American Unity, is assassinated (Feb. 21). State troopers violently attack peaceful demonstrators led by Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., as they try to cross the Pettus Bridge in Selma, Ala. Fifty marchers are hospitalized on "Bloody Sunday," after police use tear gas, whips, and clubs against them. The march is considered the catalyst for pushing through the voting rights act five months later (March 7). Congress passes the Voting Rights Act of 1965, making it easier for Southern blacks to register to vote. Literacy tests, poll taxes, and other such requirements that were used to restrict black voting are made illegal (Aug. 10). In six days of rioting in Watts, a black section of Los Angeles, 35 people are killed and 883 injured (Aug. 11-16).
1966	Members of The Black Pan thers Party: Bobby Seale and Huey Newton The Black Panthers are founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale (Oct.).
1967	Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall Stokely Carmichael, a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), coins the phrase "black power" in a speech in Seattle (April 19). Major race riots take place in Newark (July 12-16) and Detroit (July 23-30). President Johnson appoints Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court. He becomes the first black Supreme Court Justice. The Supreme Court rules in Loving v. Virginia that prohibiting interracial marriage is unconstitutional. Sixteen states still have anti-miscegenation laws and are forced to revise them.
1968	Eyewitnesses to the a ssassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn. (April 4). President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing (April 11).
1972	The infamous Tuskegee Syphilis experiment ends. Begun in 1932, the U.S. Public Health Service's 40-year experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis has been described as an experiment that "used human beings as laboratory animals in a long and inefficient study of how long it takes syphilis to kill someone."
1978	The Supreme Court case, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action, but imposed limitations on it to ensure that providing greater opportunities for minorities did not come at the expense of the rights of the majority (June 28).
1992	The first race riots in decades erupt in south-central Los Angeles after a jury acquits four white police officers for the videotaped beating of African-American Rodney King (April 29).
2003	In Grutter v. Bollinger, the most important affirmative action decision since the 1978 Bakke case, the Supreme Court (5–4) upholds the University of Michigan Law School's policy, ruling that race can be one of many factors considered by colleges when selecting their students because it furthers "a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body." (June 23)
2006	In Parents v. Seattle and Meredith v. Jefferson, affirmative action suffers a setback when a bitterly divided court rules, 5–4, that programs in Seattle and Louisville, Ky., which tried to maintain diversity in schools by considering race when assigning students to schools, are unconstitutional.
2008	Sen. Barack Obama, Democrat from Chicago, becomes the first African American to be nominated as a major party nominee for president. On November 4, Barack Obama, becomes the first African American to be elected president of the United States, defeating Republican candidate, Sen. John McCain.

Hip-HopTV24/7.org Incorporate, Educating the minds of youth with information that is essential to improving their way of life.

story by Elissa Haney